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"mrpg" writes:

Scientists discover the deep sleep circuit that builds muscle, burns fat, and boosts the brain:

A good night's sleep does far more than leave you feeling refreshed. It also triggers the release of growth hormone, a key hormone that helps build muscle and bone, burn fat, and support healthy growth. That's why athletes value quality sleep for recovery, and why teenagers need enough sleep to reach their full height potential.

Scientists have long known that growth hormone levels rise during sleep, especially during the deep, non-REM stage. What has remained unclear is exactly how the brain controls this process.

Now, researchers at the University of California, Berkeley have uncovered the brain circuitry responsible for regulating growth hormone during sleep. Their study, published in the journal Cell , also reveals a previously unknown feedback system that helps keep growth hormone levels in balance.

The discovery offers new insight into the close relationship between sleep and hormone regulation. It could eventually guide new treatments for sleep disorders linked to metabolic diseases such as diabetes, as well as neurodegenerative conditions including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease.

"People know that growth hormone release is tightly related to sleep, but only through drawing blood and checking growth hormone levels during sleep," said study first author Xinlu Ding, a postdoctoral fellow in UC Berkeley's Department of Neuroscience and the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute. "We're actually directly recording neural activity in mice to see what's going on. We are providing a basic circuit to work on in the future to develop different treatments."

Because growth hormone also helps regulate glucose and fat metabolism, consistently poor sleep may increase the risk of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

The nerve cells that coordinate growth hormone release are located deep within the hypothalamus, an ancient brain region found across mammals. These include growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) neurons, along with two different types of somatostatin neurons.

Once growth hormone is released, it activates neurons in the locus coeruleus, a brainstem region involved in alertness, attention, thinking, and responding to new experiences. Problems affecting the locus coeruleus have been linked to numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders.

"Understanding the neural circuit for growth hormone release could eventually point toward new hormonal therapies to improve sleep quality or restore normal growth hormone balance," said Daniel Silverman, a UC Berkeley postdoctoral fellow and study co-author. "There are some experimental gene therapies where you target a specific cell type. This circuit could be a novel handle to try to dial back the excitability of the locus coeruleus, which hasn't been talked about before."

Freeman writes:

https://arstechnica.com/ai/2026/07/we-cannot-choose-to-become-idiots-the-ai-cheating-scandal-roiling-brown-university/

Ivy League college students are, by definition, intelligent. They don't need to use generative AI to cheat on exams; they could just learn the material. But they also tend to be competitive, ambitious, and overscheduled, so AI can look like an easy shortcut that makes more time in their lives for things that can't be done by a chatbot.
[...]
A recent survey of Princeton students found that 29.9 percent admitted to cheating with AI on at least one exam or assignment.
[...]
In just the last week, Serrano—who was born in Spain—has told his story to El País and Inside Higher Ed, which have both run significant pieces on the scandal.

The story that Serrano told them begins in December 2025, when a gunman attacked Brown's campus and killed two people
[...]
Shaken by the experience, Serrano decided that his spring 2026 section of the quite difficult ECON 1170 would allow take-home exams for both the midterm and the final. Suddenly, the course received an influx of students.
[...]
"Historically the average grade in the midterm of this course has ranged between 65 and 80 [percent], and this exam was harder than the exams I wrote in the past, because... take-home is an opportunity to challenge the class a little bit more, given that you're giving the students unlimited time."

Beyond the numbers, many of the answers, even when correct, felt slightly off. They had a "very convoluted style," Serrano said. When he and his grad students ran the exam questions through ChatGPT, they received similar results.
[...]
He emailed his class, telling them, "I am not declaring [the midterm] void for now. I am going to give the class a chance to prove me wrong. That is, if the distribution of the final exam is roughly similar to the distribution of the midterm, I will count the midterm. Otherwise, which is of course what I expect to happen, I will declare the midterm void and reweigh the final accordingly."

Eighteen students suddenly dropped the course, while nine others didn't even attend the final exam. Of those 27 students, El País noted, "22 had scored a perfect 100 in the midterm exam."

Rich writes:

Chip maker Qualcomm has announced it will acquire software company Modular for $3.9bn in an all share transaction. (https://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2026/06/qualcomm-to-acquire-modular) Modular was founded by Chris Lattner, who is best known for the LLVM compiler backend and the invention of the Swift language from Apple. Modular develops a new language called "Mojo", which looks like Python, provides safety guarantees like Rust, and compiles down to highly efficient code to utilize massive parallelism. Mojo targets not only classic CPUs, but can also generate GPU shaders, to cover the full AI stack. It is assumed that Qualcomm will use Modular's offerings to attack Nvidia's proprietary Cuda system to gain traction in the datacenter space.

If all goes to plan, and the Qualcomm stock rises to AI bubble levels, Lattner will become the latest tech billionaire through software work alone. If not, he'll just walk away with a few hundred millions. Respect.

Original Submission

Arthur T Knackerbracket writes:

Ban lands three weeks after Anthropic accused Alibaba's Qwen lab of running the largest known distillation attack on Claude:

Employees have reportedly been instructed to adopt Qoder, Alibaba's in-house AI coding platform, as the replacement. According to reports from Chinese outlets citing company insiders, the directive reportedly goes further than Claude Code itself, as staff have allegedly been told to uninstall all Anthropic products, including the Sonnet, Opus, and Fable model families. The move is the latest escalation in a feud that ignited last month, when Anthropic accused operators linked to Alibaba's Qwen AI lab of running the largest known model distillation attack against Claude.

What elevated the discovery from routine telemetry to scandal was the exfiltration method. Rather than sending an overt signal, the tool allegedly encoded its findings steganographically, tweaking the date format and swapping a punctuation character in the system prompt sent back to Anthropic's servers — invisible to the user, but machine-parseable on Anthropic's end. The Reddit author called the covert transmission of system and proxy data "a fundamental violation of user trust," saying they simply wanted transparency from Anthropic.

Anthropic has not issued a formal statement, but Thariq Shihipar, an engineer on the Claude Code team, addressed the findings on X, describing the mechanism as "an experiment we launched in March" intended to prevent account abuse by unauthorized resellers and to protect against distillation. Shihipar said the team had been meaning to remove the code for a while, and that the pull request stripping it out was merged on July 1, the day after the Reddit post.

The timing of Alibaba’s Claude ban fits right into the wider rift between the Chinese tech giant and the U.S. artificial intelligence frontrunner. On June 10, Anthropic sent a letter to leaders of the U.S. Senate Banking Committee accusing operators affiliated with Alibaba's Qwen lab of using nearly 25,000 fraudulent accounts to generate 28.8 million exchanges with Claude between April 22 and June 5, in what it characterized as an industrial-scale attempt to distill the model's software engineering and reasoning capabilities. Distillation, training a smaller model on the outputs of a more capable one, sits in a legal and ethical gray zone that the industry has yet to resolve. Alibaba has denied wrongdoing and has not addressed the allegations in detail.

looorg writes:

https://www.windowslatest.com/2026/07/04/ex-microsoft-engineer-rebuilds-notepad-in-2-5kb-using-nothing-but-stuff-windows-already-had/
https://github.com/PlummersSoftwareLLC/TinyRetroPad

As if you needed more evidence of what is wrong with modern programming. Or scale creep in modern software. But you can still write small and efficient if you know how or want to.

Dave Plummer, the retired Microsoft engineer who built Task Manager and helped ship Space Cadet Pinball, has recreated Notepad in roughly 2.5 kilobytes.

Modern Notepad has spent the last couple of years turning into a case study in feature creep. The notepad.exe on a typical Windows 11 install comes in at around 352KB, with an install size closer to 808KB, because that exe is really a stub pointing at a UWP and WinUI app adding up to roughly 5MB on disk. The original XP-era Notepad was about 65KB in total.

While not the worst monstrosity of the current windows iteration. From 2.5k to whatever we should call modern notepad with all it's "features".

Original Submission

"mrpg" writes:

Record-breaking ocean drilling reveals why Japan's 2011 tsunami was so deadly:

Researchers have uncovered a hidden feature beneath the Pacific Ocean that helps explain why Japan's devastating 2011 earthquake and tsunami became so destructive. The discovery also offers new clues that could improve forecasts of future megaquakes and tsunamis.

A new study found that a thin layer of soft, clay-rich sediment beneath the Japan Trench played a critical role in the disaster. Located just below the seafloor, this unusually weak layer allowed the fault to rupture all the way to the trench during the 2011 "megathrust" earthquake. As a result, the seafloor shifted by an extraordinary 130 to 200 feet, helping generate the massive tsunami.

"That's equivalent to the entire area between Los Angeles and San Francisco moving 130 to 200 feet in just six minutes," said Christine Regalla, an associate professor in Northern Arizona University's School of Earth and Sustainability and a co-author of the study. "We've never seen anything like that in the time we've been observing earthquakes. Based on what we understood, we didn't think that could happen."

The research, led by Regalla and more than a dozen scientists from around the world, was published in Science .

Most large earthquakes begin much deeper below Earth's surface. Regalla explained that when tectonic plates shift, the rupture that produces an earthquake usually occurs far underground. For example, the rupture that caused the 6.8 magnitude Nisqually earthquake in the Pacific Northwest in 2001 started about 32 miles beneath the seafloor.

The 2011 Japan earthquake was very different. The rupture reached only about 15 miles below the seafloor, allowing the fault to break much closer to the ocean bottom. The resulting magnitude 9.1 earthquake triggered one of the deadliest natural disasters in modern Japanese history, killing nearly 20,000 people and causing more than $200 billion in damage.

To understand why this happened, researchers traveled to the western Pacific aboard the research vessel Chikyu . They drilled about 26,000 feet into the ocean floor, recovered sediment samples, and analyzed the material. Guinness World Records recognized the expedition as the deepest scientific ocean drilling project ever completed.

Freeman writes:

https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2026/07/bethesda-id-software-reportedly-hit-hard-by-microsoft-layoffs/

In announcing plans for 3,200 layoffs across the Xbox division yesterday, CEO Asha Sharma focused on discussing cuts to the Xbox platform team and redundant layers of middle management.
[...]
Apogee and 3D Realms founder Scott Miller—who helped publish some of id's earliest games—wrote on social media yesterday of "insider reports" that a majority of id had been laid off, "including most (if not all) coders." And last night, veteran programmer Michael Maynard—whose credits at id Software date back to 2011's Rage—wrote on LinkedIn that he was among the "roughly 50%" of the id team that was let go Monday.
[...]
Id co-founder John Romero wrote in a social media thread about his sorrow over the layoffs, saying that the people behind the current incarnation of the company "have done a great job" maintaining its legacy. "Doom, Quake, and Wolfenstein are not easy names to carry on, especially in today's industry," he wrote. "The last few games showed real care, skill and respect for what those worlds mean to people." Romero also urged Microsoft to preserve the code and documents associated with the current version of id, as Romero says he has for the incarnation he helped lead until 1996.
[...]
Meanwhile, IGN obtained an email from Bethesda President Jill Braff to staffers expressing "sincere gratitude" to "a number of our colleagues" that were impacted by the layoffs. IGN says employees at Bethesda studios were "hit particularly hard" by the layoffs, while remaining staffers are "facing an uncertain future" as Microsoft said it is planning to lay off 1,600 more employees throughout this fiscal year (in addition to 1,600 let go yesterday).
[...]
could be bad news for newer franchises like Starfield and for The Elder Scrolls Online, with the latter game losing as much as half of its developers, according to a Kotaku report.

Original Submission

A recent article in Tech Review, https://www.technologyreview.com/2026/06/12/1138833/inside-interoception-brain-body or: https://archive.is/kGwUQ
discusses new work on understanding the data that the body sends to the brain--and it's a lot more than was commonly thought...

Our senses take in information at a staggering rate—roughly 11 million bits flood in every second from our skin, eyes, ears, and more. [...] Only a sliver reaches our conscious awareness. Researchers estimate that our conscious minds can process roughly 10 to 60 bits of information per second, about the rate at which you're reading this sentence. That's a ratio of about one conscious bit to hundreds of thousands of unconscious bits.
[...]
What you are aware of: Your stomach growling when you're hungry. Your palms sweating before you speak in public. The breath you just took, if you pay attention to it. Even your heartbeat, which some people can sense from the inside without feeling their pulse in their wrist.
Scientists have a word for how we sense ourselves from the inside: interoception.

After a page or so of discussion about different signal types that are now being mapped, the article switches to developing an understanding how the sensing is done. In particular the sense of physical force or pressure--

In the 1990s, as a postdoc at the University of California, San Francisco, he [Ardem Patapoutian] became fascinated with our sense of touch—the last of the five major senses not yet understood at the molecular level. The lung stretch signal that Liberles's vagus neurons [discussed in the link] carry to the brain? No one had ever figured out how that signal began.
"How do you feel the embrace of a loved one? How do your fingers distinguish one texture of hair from another?" Patapoutian invites us to wonder in his 2021 Nobel Prize lecture. The problem: Most cellular communication works through chemistry. But mechanical force offers no molecule to bind. How does the body translate physical pressure into the electrochemical language that neurons speak?
Scientists knew that the answer had to be an ion channel—a protein gate embedded in cell membranes that opens to let electrically charged particles into the cell. But tracking down the one responsible for touch turned out to be absurdly difficult. Ion channels are a hundred thousandth the size of a cell, invisible to ordinary microscopes. Worse, they don't resemble each other. You can't recognize one by its shape or its sequence of amino acids. Even with one right in front of you, nothing would tell you it was there.
[...] Patapoutian decided to try an unusual approach. He'd try to find cells that showed sensitivity to touch and destroy their internal genetic blueprint one gene at a time—hunting for the move that would make the cell go numb. It was tedious, expensive, and possibly a dead end. "A lot of people made fun of us," he says.

Arthur T Knackerbracket writes:

https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/06/nasa-may-send-a-backup-nuclear-powered-mars-rover-to-the-moon/

NASA officials said Tuesday that they are seriously considering sending the full-scale engineering model of the Perseverance rover, which is currently housed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California, to the Moon to expedite their efforts to explore the south pole region.

The car-sized rover nicknamed "Promise," which serves as a testbed for Perseverance and was not otherwise planned for a launch, would land equipped with a multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator (MMRTG) to power it across difficult terrain and through the lunar night. NASA's other rovers primarily operate on solar power.

"We are thinking very hard right now about sending Promise to the Moon," NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman said Tuesday during a monthly update on the agency's plans to build a Moon base.

NASA has an MMRTG available, with a supply of Plutonium-238 that is just decaying away. It is likely the rover, with a mass of about 1 ton, would need to be delivered by Blue Origin's Blue Moon lander or SpaceX's Starship due to its size.

Isaacman and Carlos García-Galán, another NASA official spearheading the Moon base initiative, were clearly fired up about the possibility of using existing hardware to bring new capabilities to the lunar program.

"That would be an awesome capability," García-Galán said. "For Moon-based objectives, having a nuclear RTG on it allows us to go anywhere we want, regardless of the illumination. Surviving the lunar night is going to be one of the bigger challenges with this capability, we wouldn't have to worry about that. So, long traverses getting into those very hard-to-reach areas, just like Curiosity and Perseverance have shown us on the surface of Mars, that would be awesome."

Over the years, Promise has served as a test bed for problems that Perseverance might encounter on Mars. Commands are often tested on this vehicle in the "Mars yard" at the California laboratory before similar commands are sent to the rover on the surface of Mars. It has also helped ensure Perseverance can safely traverse various areas on Mars.

Perseverance launched to Mars in July 2020, and its predecessor, the similarly sized Curiosity rover, launched to the red planet in November 2011.

"It makes sense, early on, when we've got a problem that we might want to test it out here before we upload it to Mars," Isaacman said. "But we've had years now of experience operating the two rovers on the surface of Mars, and we've got this hardware that the taxpayers invested a lot in. So the question was posed, what if we sent it to the Moon?"

Although the Mars rovers were designed to operate on the surface of Mars, the JPL engineers said Promise could be modified to work on the Moon. NASA will also need to make some adjustments to the scientific instruments aboard the vehicle, but Isaacman said this represents a creative way to advance the agency's interests in understanding the environment where it wants to establish a long-term human presence.

"We've got the hardware, and this is exactly what we should be trying to do to put wins on the board, getting a capability like Promise to the surface of the Moon," he said.

There are many useful scientific and exploration objectives a rover like this could accomplish. NASA studied these questions less than a decade ago with an "Endurance" rover proposal that would have traveled nearly 2,000 km across the South Pole-Aitken basin on the far side of the Moon (see this large PDF file for more information). It was never built.

This decision is not final, and NASA is still assessing the feasibility of using Promise as a mainstay of its lunar fleet. However, the announcement on Tuesday underscores that Isaacman and his team are scouring NASA for hardware and other tools to advance the agency's mandate to return to the Moon and to build a surface base.

The space agency is effectively on a wartime footing as it seeks to accelerate plans to land humans on the Moon's south pole before China and to explore the most interesting terrain there first. Mars is not a near-term priority.

"It's quite symbolic, in a way, the harvesting up what's left of the Mars program and shipping it to the Moon," said Casey Dreier, chief of space policy for The Planetary Society.

Original Submission

Frosty Piss writes:

The Twenty-Ninth International Obfuscated C Code Contest – or IOCCC for short – is back again with the results of the 2025 competition. This year, one of the entrants has a unique new trick up their sleeve: a valid use case.

With the 2025 competition, the contest had just been revived from a four-year hiatus.

There are no fewer than 23 winning entries this year, including a hat-trick of hat-tricks: three entrants, Yusuke Endoh, Nick Craig-Wood, and Don Yang, all had three winning entries each.

One element of the IOCCC is that the judges, Landon Curt Noll and Leonid A. Broukhis, invent new categories each time for each winning entry.

The Obfuscated C Contest is not to be confused with the Underhanded C Contest, which took this sort of twisted genius and applied it to devious ends rather than fun shenanigans.

https://www.theregister.com/offbeat/2026/07/05/c-programmers-commit-fresh-crimes-against-readability/5265981

Original Submission

owl writes:

https://www.yahoo.com/news/politics/articles/supreme-court-just-lit-fuse-130900307.html

Lee Schmidt and Crystal Arrington just wanted to drive around Norfolk, Virginia, without a government contractor logging every trip. Instead, they became the named plaintiffs in one of the most consequential Fourth Amendment fights in the country, and a Supreme Court ruling that has nothing to do with license plates just walked into their case like an uninvited but extremely useful guest.

Back up to 2023, when Norfolk police partnered with Flock Safety to bolt roughly 175 automated license plate reader camera clusters around the city. These aren't your grandfather's speed cameras. Flock's hardware pairs infrared imaging with onboard AI to log a plate number, timestamp, and location for every passing car, then builds what the company calls a Vehicle Fingerprint, cataloging color, make, body style, and even bumper stickers so investigators can search for a car even when they don't have a plate number. Norfolk holds that data for 21 days, the maximum allowed under Virginia law, and officers can query it without a warrant.

Schmidt and Arrington sued in October 2024 with backing from the Institute for Justice, arguing that a city-wide camera dragnet capturing their daily movements amounts to a warrantless search under the Fourth Amendment. In January 2026, a federal judge in the Eastern District of Virginia disagreed and granted summary judgment for the city. Flock published the court's reasoning almost immediately: with a rolling 21-day window and roughly 175 camera clusters, the system didn't track enough of a person's life to count as the kind of exhaustive surveillance the Supreme Court worried about in its 2018 Carpenter v. United States decision on cell-site records. Schmidt and Arrington appealed to the Fourth Circuit, where the case now sits as Schmidt v. City of Norfolk, No. 26-1227.

Original Submission

mrpg writes:

https://phys.org/news/2026-07-rats-empathy.html

A rat first frees a cagemate rat and then shares food with it. Is this animal just as empathetic as humans? In an American study from 2011, researchers observed that rats first freed their fellow rats from a cage and then shared food with them instead of leaving them in the cage and eating alone; this means they showed empathy. But do they have the same capacity for empathy as we humans, or do we differ in that regard?

A research team working with Professor Albert Newen from the Ruhr University Bochum Institute for Philosophy II in Germany set out to answer this question. They developed a model for more accurately describing empathy in various animals. Their answer: Yes, rats exhibit empathy, although it differs gradually from that of humans. The researchers report their findings in the journal Biological Reviews on June 28, 2026.

Empathy is the glue that holds society together and makes everyday life personal and human. Is it not, therefore, a good candidate for a trait that separates humans from other animals? Are there any other animal species that show empathy?

Original Submission

canopic jug writes:

A blogger going by the handle "No One's Happy" has investigated the digital restrictions management technology being pushed into the Linux kernel at the behest of various malevolent actors.

I want to preface this with the fact that I'm not a gamer. I'm game-curious, but I often lack the time to really devote. But a close friend of mine games pretty frequently and he brought me (a bit) up to speed recently. I hobbled together a computer from various parts (and then overpaid for a GPU), I got excited about spending some liesure time playing. But during the process I realized that in order to play many of the biggest games, you are forced to install a closed-source driver and provide root access to your operating system. So I decided to do some research and found that the owners of this anti-cheating software include a Chinese firm on a US defense list, a Saudi sovereign wealth fund, and a private-equity chain.

Furthermore, it hasn't stopped cheating. They largely moved to external hardware that these drivers cannot see.

What "kernel anti-cheat" means

These are ring-0 drivers. They run with the same privilege level as the Windows kernel, with full access to memory, processes, loaded drivers, the filesystem, and hardware. They are closed source so no one can review them; you can only review their policies. Multiple games (and some of the largest coming soon) now also require TPM 2.0 and Secure Boot, and use remote hardware attestation to confirm your machine's boot state before letting you play.

[...] In short, a driver that loads at boot, records continuously, fingerprints your hardware, and reports back whether or not you are suspected of anything is not shaped like cheat detection. It is shaped like monitoring. And the companies holding that access are, mostly, companies that already make money watching you. Epic and Activision share player data with advertising and analytics partners. [19] Activision went as far as patenting a matchmaking system designed to nudge players into buying microtransactions — it says the patent was exploratory and never shipped, but a company patents what it is thinking about. [26] EA's own User Agreement grants its anti-cheat permission to "monitor and collect" from your memory, processes, visuals, communications, and file storage. [27]

The approach to infect mission critical software such as productivity software with DRM failed several decades ago due to push back. However, in short order the same digital restrictions technologies were successfully deployed, often on the same systems, via music players and other multimedia as people handed over work laptops to their kids to play videos and music. This same approach to use kids as a vector seems to be used again, this time pushing restricted boot, UEFI, TPM, and whole rootkits via games ... intially. Few will say no to their kids who "just wanna" play a game, and thus will ensure that the digital restrictions get a wide deployment. As before, push back is needed.

Previously:
(2025) This Group Pays Bounties to Repair Broken Devices—Even If the Fix Breaks the Law
(2020) Popularity of Older Tractors Boosted by Avoidance of DRM
(2018) International Day Against DRM Celebrates its 12th Anniversary
(2017) Tim Berners-Lee Approved Web DRM, but W3C Member Organizations Have Two Weeks to Appeal
(2016) This Lawsuit Could be the Beginning of the End for DRM

Original Submission

Arthur T Knackerbracket writes:

https://www.theregister.com/os-platforms/2026/07/06/zombie-who-owns-unix-lawsuit-comes-alive-again/5266761

The ancient dispute over ownership of UNIX, and perhaps Linux too, has returned to court. Again.

As The Register has explained many, many, times since this matter first went to court in 2003, the roots of the case are the 1998 alliance between IBM and a company called the Santa Cruz Operation which sold a version of UNIX for x86 CPUs. Those two companies, plus Intel and Sequent, created "Project Monterey" – an effort to create a unified version of UNIX that could run on multiple processors.

By 2001, Project Monterey was close to delivering a unified UNIX, an achievement made possible by blending code from IBM and SCO.

By then, a little project called "Linux" already ran on multiple processors. Big Blue decided Linux was the future and bailed from Project Monterey – then allegedly contributed some Monterey code to the open-source project and to its own AIX and Z operating systems. SCO felt it owned some of that code, so sued IBM.

SCO and its successors struggled to survive, but interested parties kept the lawsuit alive because the chance to emerge as owner of parts of the Linux codebase, and IBM's code, had the potential to turn into a colossal payday.

The case and its successors ended in 2021, with a settlement that saw litigants agree to end the matter without IBM admitting fault.

But by then, SCO had sold its software to a biz called Xinuos that decided to fight on.

The Xinuos case has burbled along quietly since, and on June 22nd reached the milestone of a hearing.

The matter has become a little more modern, if only because this hearing was held online and the presiding judge appeared to unwittingly be on mute at one point. But the arguments otherwise seemed to revisit Project Monterey, debated the relevance of past litigation, contested who owned what, when they owned it, and how they could prove it. Xinuos argued IBM never had a license for SCO code. Big Blue argued that it did nothing wrong.

The core issue seems to be whether Xinuos even has the right to litigate the matter, or if some ancient legalese in the original agreements means the window for legal argument has long since expired.

The matter continues and appears likely to do so until either the heat death of the universe or the year of Linux on the desktop – whichever comes sooner.

Original Submission

"mrpg" writes:

Potentially fraudulent papers often cite each other and could be inflating the impact factor of journals in which they are published:

Cancer research articles with telltale signs of being produced by paper mills garner double the number of citations than do genuine papers in the field, finds an analysis of tens of thousands of articles.

In a study posted on the preprint server bioRxiv, the authors report that papers that were probably produced by paper mills frequently cite, or are cited by, other potentially fraudulent articles. Paper mills are businesses that produce and sell low-quality manuscripts — often containing fabricated data and results — designed to resemble genuine research.

Adrian Barnett, a statistician at the Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane, Australia, and his colleagues say that their analysis indicates that coordinated citation manipulation is inflating the impact metrics of journals in molecular oncology.

These metrics measure of how often a journal's papers are cited in other research, among other things. In many nations, having papers published in journals with high impact factors is taken into account when researchers apply for jobs and funding.

Research-integrity sleuths have long suspected that paper mills are inflating citations, says René Aquarius, a neurosurgery researcher at Radboud University Medical Center in Nijmegen, the Netherlands. "But it's nice to see this confirmed in such an elegant way," he adds.

Barnett says that there is an assumption that studies produced by paper mills are only being published in journals with low impact metrics, but his team's research suggest that this is not the case.

Barnett and his colleagues analysed 33,159 papers published between 2012 and 2023 in 20 high-impact molecular-oncology journals. The team used an artificial-intelligence tool called BERT that they had developed previously to identify suspicious papers. It looks for telltale characteristics that often appear in retracted paper-mill articles. Paper mills often mass-produce manuscripts that use fabricated data sets, manipulated images and unusual or 'tortured' phrases that are designed to evade plagiarism detectors. For each paper it reviewed, BERT assigned a probability score estimating how likely the study was to have been produced by a paper mill.