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'Bots have now passed human traffic online,' Cloudflare boss laments — says agentic traffic wasn't expected to eclipse real people until next year. Bot (automated) vs. human HTTP requests are split 57.5 vs. 42.5 percent, according to the firm's latest data.
The rapid increase in agentic internet traffic means "bots have now passed human traffic online for the first time in the Internet's history," according to the CEO and co-founder of Cloudflare, Matthew Prince. "Welp, that happened faster than I predicted," Prince awkwardly admitted, making his previous expectations of the crossover happening sometime in 2027 seem way off the mark.
Before going on, it's important to differentiate this new surge in internet traffic from the traditional bots most will be aware of, things like website crawlers, search indexers, and bad stuff like fraud or abuse bots. It is different now, as Cloudflare is charting agents that browse the web much like humans on behalf of humans, and it is already at a massive scale.
[...] We were also interested in looking at Cloudflare's breakdown of human/bot traffic by country. The most bot-ridden traffic comes from the tiny island of Gibraltar (92.1%), followed by Singapore (76.4%), then Iran (76.4%). While some of these places have a lot of data centers and hosting infrastructure compared to population size, Iran's high bot count may rather come from the heavy use of VPNs with automated scraping and bypass tools. Cloudflare has also previously flagged Iran as a hotspot for malicious bot activity.
[Source]: Tom's Hardware
Getting the location of troops at war might be as easy as buying the data from a legitimate business. America's foreign adversaries have exploited commercial geolocation data tied to US troops, the Pentagon admits, using it to target or surveil US personnel in the Middle East. Despite that, the Defense Department hasn't exactly moved fast to secure the information, elected officials say.
Senator Ron Wyden (D-OR), Representative Pat Harrigan (R-NC), and a dozen other Congress critters sent a letter to DoD CIO Kirsten Davies on Thursday, demanding a change in smartphone security posture among US military branches. Included in the letter is what lawmakers describe as the first public confirmation that commercial location data has been used to target or surveil American troops in active war zones. The information was shared with Wyden's office in April.
The reason for the delay in publishing the information, Wyden's team told The Register, was due to "markings that restricted public release," which Wyden reportedly pushed back on, leading to Thursday's letter and the attached responses [PDF] from the DoD confirming info purchased from commercial data brokers was used to target troops.
"USCENTCOM [US Central Command] has received multiple threat reports concerning adversary exploitation of commercial location data to target or surveil US personnel in theater," the DoD's responses from April indicate.
As for how exactly data brokers got access to the data that allowed adversaries to locate troops and their movements, they got it from the same sources as anyone else buying data from a commercial broker: Smartphone advertising profiles.
According to the DoD responses included in Wyden's letter, not only are US military personnel allowed to use personal devices within operational areas, there's no actual policy that requires servicemembers to turn off geolocation capabilities on their devices when located in active war zones.
"USCENTCOM's geolocation risk guidance directs personnel to disable geolocation functionality when not needed; periodically review device and application privacy settings; and limit public sharing of information," the DoD said last month, while simultaneously admitting that such guidance doesn't always fully disable geolocation on smartphones.
In addition to personally-owned devices, the DoD's own issued smartphones don't disable advertising profiles, either.
[...] It's not like there haven't been plenty of examples of sloppy location data management compromising military operations, either. Data culled from workout tracking app Strava has been used to identify the workout routes of US military personnel jogging on base - and reveal the location of French President Emmanuel Macron thanks to his bodyguards' sloppy security practices - and social media has also been flagged as an OPSEC disaster waiting to happen.
Despite all those examples and briefings going back a decade, the problem has continued right up to the latest operations in Iran.
"That foreign adversaries are still able to buy location data collected from the phones of U.S. personnel serving in military hotspots is a direct result of DoD leadership's failure to prioritize this threat and implement commonsense cyber defenses," the letter charges. Whether anything will be done about it remains to be seen.
Last week, after Google announced its huge overhaul to Search, I overheard a woman on the phone saying she was switching to DuckDuckGo because you can "opt out of using AI."
"Google just isn't Google anymore," she said. It seems that others had the same idea.
At I/O, Google's annual developer conference, the company said it would transform its search box into a conversational engine that expands for longer queries, anticipates user intent, and autocompletes searches. Rather than just returning a list of links, it will use AI Overviews to answer questions directly first. Google also unveiled a more seamless AI Mode, allowing users to ask follow-up questions within AI Overviews.
While a Google spokesperson noted that AI Overviews have existed for two years and AI Mode is not the default, the backlash has been sharp.
Some have argued it will kill the open web, while others shared concerns that AI overviews surface inaccurate responses and take away control from users who might not want to use AI. It also overcomplicates simple things. Just try to Google the word "disregard."
In response to Google's changes, many have begun defecting to DuckDuckGo, a privacy-focused alternative that has never been able to break past Google's dominance, accounting for only around 2% of the U.S. search market.
During Google's search antitrust trial in 2023, DuckDuckGo CEO Gabriel Weinberg testified that Google's exclusive default search contracts harmed its ability to pitch itself as the default on other browsers.
"Google is force-feeding AI with no way to opt out," Weinberg said Tuesday in a statement, referring to Google's Search overhaul. "As a result, their results are getting worse, not better. We want to be the place that puts users in charge and allows them to decide how much or how little AI they want."
Now, it seems that DuckDuckGo is beginning to benefit as consumers flee AI.
[...] DuckDuckGo offers its own AI product called Duck.ai. It's free and doesn't require users to make an account, but provides access to models, including Anthropic's Claude 4.5 Haiku, Meta's Llama 4 Scout, Mistral's Small 3 24B, and OpenAI's GPT-5 mini. All chats are private because DuckDuckGo strips the user's IP address before requests reach model providers, deletes conversations within 30 days, and prevents chats from being used for training.
Related: Google Search is Becoming Something Fundamentally Different
The biggest threat to America's midterm elections in November likely isn't foreign attackers hacking US voting machines. Phishing and election-official impersonation are the bigger risks, according to Check Point, which documented more than 5,000 election-themed domains registered between April and May.
These domains can be used by attackers for phishing, impersonation, fraud, misinformation, or influence activity, especially when coupled with about 17,000 exposed credentials associated with fundraising orgs, political parties, and government-related services also spotted by the security shop's intelligence arm in May.
"Election-related domains and leaked credentials represent two sides of the same problem: infrastructure and access," Danielle Hess, a cyber threat intelligence analyst at Check Point Software, told The Register.
"A rise in election-themed domains not only creates more potential infrastructure that could be abused for phishing or impersonation, but also reflects a growing election-related ecosystem with more organizations, accounts, and users that can be targeted," Hess said. "When combined with a large pool of exposed credentials, attackers have more opportunities to conduct convincing and scalable election-related operations."
Plus, AI gives phishing, impersonation, election misinformation and other scam operations a massive boost, making them faster, cheaper, and easier to scale.
The uptick in election-related threats follows the Trump administration's efforts to gut America's lead cyber-defense agency and decimate its efforts to combat election-related fraud, while slashing its budget and workforce, and shutting down the Elections Infrastructure Information Sharing and Analysis Center (EI-ISAC).
According to a Monday report, Check Point has been monitoring registered domains and documented about 1,300 containing the keyword "election" and 2,957 containing "vote" in January. Three months later, between April 13 and May 14, about 1,140 newly registered domains contained the word "election," while the number containing "vote" had climbed to about 4,010.
While simply registering a domain doesn't guarantee it will be used for malicious purposes, such domains are often used for phishing pages that impersonate voter info sites or candidates themselves, and campaign donation scams, and misinformation sites designed to look like official election communications.
Along these lines, the security shop documented thousands of leaked credentials in May linked to fundraising and political party websites including about 9,500 ActBlue.com (Democrats' fundraising site) compromised credentials, 6,500 leaked WinRed.com (Republican fundraising) credentials, plus 600 from the official Republican gop.com website, 130 from democrats.org, and 150 leaked usa.gov citizen services' site credentials.
Hess told us that "it's important to note that the credential statistics reflect credentials identified on Check Point's External Risk Management (ERM) platform as of May 2026 and are not limited to credentials that were necessarily stolen or leaked during May 2026 itself."
As the reports point out, the credential leaks aren't limited to one political party or specific campaigns.
"Individual political campaign domains showed little to no observed credential exposure across a sample of swing-state candidates from both major political parties, reinforcing that current exposure is concentrated in centralized platforms rather than campaign-specific infrastructure," according to the report.
"A single campaign domain stood out as an exception, with around 90 leaked credentials identified," the report continued.
"The campaign domain referenced was associated with candidate Tom Kean," Hess said, referring to Rep. Tom Kean Jr. (R-NJ). "However, it's important to note the credentials were identified within infostealer malware logs, which typically reflect opportunistic compromise rather than deliberate targeting of a specific campaign. While not indicative of direct targeting, the presence of these credentials may still pose a security risk if associated accounts remain active or reused."
In addition to the political org-related credential exposure, voter information is also appearing across dark web forums ahead of the November midterms.
This includes a January 30 BreachForums post advertising data - being given away for free - tied to the Fremont County, Colorado election division. The data dump included names, email addresses, IP address data, and election-related portal submission information.
On April 26, the threat hunters spotted a post on criminal forum Spear[.]cx, claiming to offer a multi-state US voter database covering more than two dozen states and Washington, DC.
The global health organization Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) announced Monday that it will "urgently accelerate development" of three vaccine candidates against Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BDBV), pledging a little over $60 million in the effort to extinguish an outbreak currently raging out of control in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Under the plans, CEPI has committed up to $50 million to US-based Moderna for preclinical development and Phase 1 clinical testing of its mRNA-based BDBV vaccine candidate. The funding will simultaneously allow the company to ramp up manufacturing capabilities and ready large-scale Phase 2/3 trials in the event the vaccine makes it through early testing. The vaccine will use Moderna's mRNA vaccine platform that allowed for rapid development of a COVID-19 vaccine during the pandemic.
"[W]e believe our mRNA platform can play an important role in responding rapidly to emerging infectious disease threats," Moderna CEO Stéphane Bancel said in a statement Monday. " We will move with urgency and scientific rigor to support the response and help bring a potential vaccine closer to the communities that need it most."
CEPI will also provide $3.2 million to the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, which is developing a vaccine that uses the same technology as Merck's approved Ebola vaccine, Ervebo, which targets the more common Zaire ebolavirus strain.
Last, the CEPI is committing $8.6 million to the University of Oxford and Serum Institute of India, which is using its adenovirus-based vaccine platform, as it did for its COVID-19 vaccine during the pandemic.
There are two licensed vaccines against Ebola disease currently, including Ervebo and Zabdeno/Mvabea by Johnson & Johnson. Both vaccines target the Zaire strain, which has caused most of the large outbreaks to date, followed by the Sudan strain. The current outbreak is only the third driven by the Bundibugyo strain. As such, there are currently no licensed therapeutics or vaccines against it.
The lack of medical interventions is one of the challenges facing health officials responding to the outbreak. Detection of the outbreak was delayed, allowing the virus to spread out of control. Disease is also spreading in an area of DRC with armed conflict, large population mobility, and significant need for humanitarian assistance.
As of Friday, the World Health Organization reported 1,041 cases (135 confirmed, 906 suspected) and 241 deaths (18 confirmed, 223 suspected) in the outbreak.
Developers seem to hate Microsoft's new usage-based billing policy for GitHub Copilot as they report burning through a month's worth of credits in hours.
"This is a staggering shift from a 'predictable subscription' to a 'stressful meter-based' service that hinders my productivity rather than helping it," wrote one developer on GitHub's user forum who said they were paying for Microsoft's $39-per-month Copilot Pro+ plan but burned through about 8 percent of their monthly AI Credits allocation in two hours under the new billing system. "At this rate, my 7,000-unit quota will be depleted in less than two days."
Their outrage is a consistent and growing theme among the business users of AI who suddenly see eye-popping bills after years of experimenting with a nearly free service. One GitHub Copilot developer requested a single change to their project and burned more than $6, they wrote.
"Not after a day of usage. Not after dozens of prompts. After ONE request," the developer stated on GitHub's user forum. "I understand that large projects require context, but this level of consumption feels completely unreasonable and impossible to predict. How are individual developers supposed to budget for this when a single feature request can consume such a large portion of the monthly allowance?"
The changes went into effect across the site on Monday. In GitHub's April post announcing the new billing scheme, Microsoft said the change was made from monthly billing to usage-based because GitHub Copilot is "not the same product it was a year ago."
"It now powers far more complex, agentic workflows that consume far more compute. This change is designed to deliver a more sustainable and reliable product experience by aligning pricing to actual usage and costs," the post to its user community reads. "We believe GitHub Copilot remains the best value and experience for agentic coding. Usage-based billing aligns cost more closely to actual usage and value, while continuing to offer developers the freedom to choose the models and agents that work best for them."
GitHub Copilot lets developers access a range of AI models from within their development tools. That had allowed some users to make large numbers of requests across multiple models while paying as little as $10 per month for Copilot Pro, or $39 per month for Copilot Pro+.
Now, each request from users is dynamically priced depending on the model used, the request, and the amount of material submitted by the user, as well as the complexity of the answer returned.
"Woke up to the new billing UI this morning. Figured I'd test it out on some actual work — just needed Claude 4.8 to help fix a couple things on a site I'm editing," one Reddit user posted. "It gave some pretty mediocre suggestions. Didn't really solve the problem, I still had to do most of the work myself ... Then I checked the actual usage page. 1,180 credits used. 16% of my monthly Pro+ allowance. Gone. For basically nothing."
The comments online have been overwhelmingly negative, with users on GitHub's forum and Reddit vowing to abandon the product and move their work directly to Anthropic, OpenAI, and some creating their own workarounds through a series of free or cheaper AI vendors, like RooCode, LM Studio, or OpenRouter.
"I've opted to stick to Pro+, burn through my allocated credit in a week, and then pivot to using OpenRouter for the remainder of the month," one user posted. "OpenRouter offers a similar set of advantages that Copilot has over other providers. It can be used within the same VS Code interface. Plus it has more models and credit rolls-over for up to a year."
The Register asked Microsoft about the user complaints and a GitHub spokesperson responded with a statement saying it had introduced a new billing policy, and provided a link to a FAQ.
"Usage-based billing is now in effect. Pricing for GitHub Copilot now reflects actual usage with spending limits, usage dashboards, and model selection available to help manage costs. We're also introducing Copilot Max for users who need more capacity," the statement reads.
Welcome to this year's 22nd issue of DistroWatch Weekly! This week we are thrilled to present you with a special milestone edition of DistroWatch Weekly. As I write this, DistroWatch is celebrating its 25th anniversary! Not many websites get to survive for a quarter of a century and we're thrilled our readers continue to come along for the experience. Later in this Weekly we share some thoughts on our publication turning 25 years old and provide some statistics about our little corner of the Internet.
DistroWatch is a website that provides news, distribution pages hit rankings, and other general information about various Linux distributions as well as other free software/open source Unix-like operating systems. It now contains information on several hundred distributions and a few hundred distributions labeled as active.
How many of our community use Distrowatch? Do you view it regularly, daily, occassionally, or ask "Is Distrowatch still going...?".
https://arstechnica.com/ai/2026/06/openais-math-breakthrough-played-to-ais-strengths/
In mid-May, OpenAI announced that an internal AI model had disproved the Erdős unit distance conjecture, a famous problem in discrete geometry that had stumped human mathematicians for the last 80 years.
OpenAI gave several mathematicians early access to the result and published their reactions. Tim Gowers—who won the Fields Medal, the most prestigious prize in mathematics—wrote that "there is no doubt that the solution to the unit-distance problem is a milestone in AI mathematics."
University of Toronto professor Daniel Litt wrote that "this is the first example of a result produced autonomously by an AI that I find exciting in itself, as opposed to as a leading indicator."
It's arguably the first time that an AI system has found a proof resolving a major open conjecture. That's impressive, but I don't view it as a radical break from the previous trajectory of AI progress in mathematics.
Three years ago, LLMs struggled to solve arithmetic problems. It was only last year that LLMs started acing high school mathematics competitions.
When I attended the Joint Mathematics Meetings—the largest annual mathematics conference in the world—in January, I learned that AI systems were starting to contribute to mathematical research, but only in constrained settings. It took significant human interpretation to turn an AI output into a publishable theorem.
OpenAI's new result is the next step in this progression. The AI model cleverly applied existing ideas drawn from several subfields of mathematics to create a full proof. But it didn't pioneer any genuinely new techniques. The result has since been cleaned up and extended by human mathematicians.
This points to a medium-term future where human mathematicians and AI models complement each other: AIs have a broader knowledge of past work than any human alive and much more willingness to grind through tedious proof strategies that aren't likely to work. But humans can still think more deeply about any one problem and ask more interesting questions.
That might not last. AI systems have been improving at math so rapidly that it's unclear what role, if any, human mathematicians will play a decade from now.
Paul Erdős was one of the most prolific mathematicians in history. He wrote over 1,500 papers in his lifetime, the most ever. One of his greatest talents was coming up with problems that are simple to state but have deep roots.
In 1946, he introduced the unit distance problem. Imagine you have some points in a 2D plane and you measure the distance between each pair of points:
In this diagram, there are five points and ten pairs of points. Three pairs happen to be exactly 1 unit apart: AD, BE, and CE.
Can we rearrange the points so that more pairs of points are exactly 1 unit apart?
Yes. For instance, we could move points A and D to be closer to the B, C, and E cluster. With a bit more work, we could further rearrange the points so that there are seven pairs exactly one unit apart. But that's the most we can do.
We could do the same analysis with 6 points, 7 points, and so on. But as the number of points grows, the problem very quickly becomes too complicated to find the exact answer.
So instead of asking exactly how many unit distances are possible for a given number of points, Erdős tried to calculate upper and lower bounds on the number of length-one lines for npoints, assuming that n is a large number.
To help calculate a lower bound, Erdős assumed that the points would be laid out in a grid. This is probably not the optimal layout, but if he could demonstrate that points in a grid have a certain number of pairs with unit distance, then the optimal arrangement must have at least that number.
The simplest option is to space the grid so that every point is distance 1 from its neighbors directly above, below, left, and right. However, Erdős saw that you could do even better if you took diagonals into account. If you make the grid spacing smaller, you can make each point be distance 1 from a greater number of neighbors. In the diagram above, if the grid spacing is 1, then each individual point is one unit away from four neighbors (the left panel). Instead, if the grid spacing is ⅕ (as shown on the right), then each individual point is one unit away from 12 neighbors:
OpenAI's write-up of its new result included a confusing diagram showing points in a grid with a bunch of lines connecting them. The diagram becomes easier to understand if we superimpose a circle like this:
This works because of the Pythagorean theorem, which states that if we have a point that is a units to the right and b units above another point, the distance c between those two points satisfies a² + b² = c². The trick is to choose some number c² so that there are a whole bunch of pairs of whole numbers a and b such that a² + b² = c². Then, if we scale the grid down so that each point is 1/c from its neighbors, there will be a bunch of unit distances.
For example, if we choose c² = 25, then the Pythagorean equation can be satisfied by either 0² + 5² = 25 or 3² + 4² = 25. This corresponds to the 12-grid-point circle I showed earlier, with points at (0,5), (3,4), (4,3), (5,0), (-4,3), (-3,4), and so forth. (Technically, these lengths should all be divided by 5 — (⅗, ⅘) for example—but I'm leaving the denominators out for clarity.)
OpenAI's diagram is based on choosing c² = 65, which can be satisfied by either 1² + 8² = 65 or 4² + 7² = 65. This means that if the grid spacing is 1/√65, each point will be one unit away from 16 other points: (1,8), (4,7), (7,4), (8,1), (-1,8), (-4,7), and so forth. Larger values for c²—if they're chosen carefully—enable more whole-number diagonals and hence more unit-distance pairs.
However, if c² is too large compared to the number of points in the grid, then many of the potential one-unit-away neighbors will be outside the grid.
In short, we want to choose a c² that's large enough but not too large. Using insights from number theory, including Jacobi's two-square theorem, Erdős was able to show that an optimally sized circle will enable the number of unit-distance pairs to grow faster than the number of points, but only barely.
The question became "can you do better?" To find an upper bound, Erdős used an argument from a quite different area of mathematics called graph theory to show that you could only have so many unit distances. But his upper bound grows much, much faster than the best lower bound he was able to construct.
Erdős's conjecture was that the actual optimum was much closer to the lower bound than the upper one. He predicted, but couldn't prove, that the maximum number of unit-distance pairs grows just barely faster than the number of points.
To be more precise, Erdős conjectured that the number of unit distances would be n^(1+o(1)). In other words, for a sufficiently large n, the maximum number of unit distances would be less than n^(1+𝜖) for any 𝜖 > 0. That could end up growing a little faster than his lower-bound construction—which was n^(1 + C/(log log n)) for some constant C—but within the same general ballpark.
Proving his guess became known as the unit distance problem. For the next 80 years, it looked like Erdős was right.
Then an OpenAI model proved him wrong.
Erdős's conjecture assumed that, at least for a large number of points, a square grid could yield about as many unit-distance pairs as organizing the points in other ways. OpenAI's AI proved this wrong by demonstrating that there was another, more complex way to organize n points that allowed more pairs to be exactly one unit apart.
Precisely because the new pattern of points is more complicated, it's tricky to explain it concisely. But you can think of it as a clever modification of Erdős's grid.
The AI constructed a grid in a high-dimensional space and then projected this more complex structure into two dimensions. And instead of using a whole-number grid with points like (1,3) or (-3,6), the AI construction used something called algebraic integers to build this more complicated grid. It turns out that this kind of higher-dimensional grid has richer structure, which allows the AI to pack more unit distances into the same number of points.
It's hard to illustrate this alternative arrangement of points because it only becomes advantageous with a very large number of points. But here's a simpler arrangement of points that was constructed in a similar way. You can click here if you want to play with the illustration yourself.
It has 1,345 points and only produces 5,916 unit distances, fewer than the 7,632 unit distances that a square 1,296-point grid produces using the Erdős technique. But I think it gives a sense of how a pattern that isn't a grid could produce more unit distances than a square grid.
The more complicated patterns pay off. While the OpenAI model's proof does not explicitly state how many unit-distance pairs are possible for n points, human mathematician Will Sawin was able to show that it grows at least at the rate of n1.014. This might seem small, but as n gets really big, this number will become much larger than the counts produced by the Erdős approach.
That being said, the AI's result doesn't completely resolve the problem. Our best upper bound for the number of unit distances is around n1.333. More work is needed to close this gap.
If you'd asked me two weeks ago—before OpenAI's announcement—about the most novel contributions of LLMs to mathematics, I probably would have pointed to the AlphaEvolve system from Google DeepMind.
AlphaEvolve harnesses LLMs to be the engine of an optimization process. If you can turn a math problem into a piece of code to optimize, which you often can, the LLM might find better solutions than humans have for certain types of problems. In November, four mathematicians (including Terence Tao) released a paper that analyzed AlphaEvolve's performance on 67 optimization problems across the mathematical literature. They found that AlphaEvolve was able to improve on the established literature in some cases.
This was a step up in autonomy from previous LLM contributions, such as literature review, but it still required humans to frame it as an optimization problem and turn the AI's output into usable mathematics. And only certain types of problems are amenable to this approach. More conceptual questions that don't include a number to optimize can't easily be studied with AlphaEvolve.
So AI companies have been working to develop LLM systems that can directly output a correct solution to any math problem. OpenAI's result is a substantial step in that direction. But it also fits the pattern of previous AI-assisted mathematics.
For one thing, other companies have also worked to solve Erdős problems. Because Erdős posed hundreds of problems over his career—and because mathematician Thomas Bloom has organized an effort to compile all of them at www.erdosproblems.com—AI companies have used them as a testing ground to evaluate AI systems. In January, Cambridge undergraduate Kevin Barreto worked with a friend to ask GPT-5.2 and Harmonic's Aristotle to produce the first autonomous solution of an Erdős problem. On May 22, two days after OpenAI's announcement, Google announced that its AI system had solved nine open Erdős problems, including two that had been open for over 50 years.
To be clear, the problem that OpenAI solved is more impressive than any of the other work I just mentioned. But OpenAI's solution is more in line with past AI efforts than the headline result might suggest.
One reason the unit distance problem was unsolved for 80 years, despite being so well known, is that most people thought Erdős's conjecture was true. But the mathematical tools we have are nowhere close to being able to prove Erdős's bound. So mathematicians expected that any proof of the conjecture would involve major new ideas or approaches.
Instead, as we've seen, the AI disproved the conjecture by making an extension of Erdős's initial construction. It was a clever and nonobvious solution, but it also bore some similarity to the kind of optimization work done by a system like AlphaEvolve.
This dynamic is reflected in some of the mathematicians' responses. Mathematician Tim Gowers wrote that when he first heard about the AI's result, he thought it had proved the theorem. "I spent the evening adjusting my world view: If the AI could come up with a proof like that, then maybe it would be all over for mathematicians very soon."
But the next morning, Gowers and other external reviewers received an email about the result, and he realized that the LLM "had disproved the conjecture rather than proving it, which came as a big relief."
OpenAI's solution also had two properties that played to the strengths of AI models relative to humans.
First, the eventual solution relied on applying sophisticated techniques from a quite different area of mathematics: algebraic number theory. AI systems have been trained on huge swaths of mathematics—and there's a lot of math out there—so they have a broader knowledge of previous mathematical work than any human in the world. For a human to solve this, they would have needed to have the relevant algebraic number theory knowledge while also being interested in the unit distance problem, a rare combination.
Second, the reasoning process was such a grind, and seemingly unlikely to succeed, that most humans would not have thought it worth the trouble. Jacob Tsimerman, a University of Toronto professor, remarked in the OpenAI document that he had briefly considered taking a similar approach to disprove the conjecture. But that type of technique "consumes much time and frequently doesn't work out," so he abandoned the project.
An AI, on the other hand, can work through many proof strategies that don't work out before discovering one that does. OpenAI could have run the problem many times before a model found a solution. Indeed, an OpenAI chart revealed that even with the maximum token budget, the internal model solves the problem only half of the time.
To be clear, what the AI system did is still impressive. "It's always tempting to look at a completed proof and declare it obvious after the fact," Tsimerman said later in his remark. But as I noted previously, it also played to the strengths of AI systems.
In the short to medium term, this points to a world where AI models complement humans but do not replace them. AI systems will tackle lists of problems curated by human mathematicians or aid humans in finding relevant approaches from seemingly unrelated mathematical fields. But they won't immediately displace the human role in choosing which questions to ask or developing wholly new techniques.
Even this result was very much a human-AI collaboration. While the AI system found the proof on its own, human mathematicians verified the result. Other humans came up with better-written proofs that extended the AI's initial ideas, like Will Sawin finding an explicit lower bound as I mentioned above.
It's unclear how long this complementarity will last, however. Gowers spent the rest of his comment exploring whether the relief he felt on hearing that AI had disproved the conjecture was justified. He more or less concluded that it was, but in a footnote, he wrote that he would guess "that AI will soon reach a high level at other activities such as building theories, formulating definitions and asking interesting questions."
In the past year, we've gone from AI systems that hadn't yet beaten high school mathematics competitions to ones that can advance mathematics in interesting ways. It seems likely that AI systems will continue to become more autonomous when working on mathematical problems.
At the same time, we haven't fully explored what current models can achieve in math. Soon after OpenAI's announcement, University of Michigan postdoc Xiao Ma found that GPT-5.5 was also able to prove Erdős wrong if given a small hint. If a generally available model could disprove this famous conjecture and no one noticed, what other discoveries could happen today that no one has thought to try?
Kai Williams is a reporter for Understanding AI, a Substack newsletter founded by Ars Technica alum Timothy B. Lee. His work is supported by a Tarbell Fellowship. Subscribe to Understanding AI to get more from Tim and Kai.
https://www.slashgear.com/2184557/uss-supercarrier-gerald-r-ford-nuclear-power-plant/
The USS Gerald R. Ford, first deployed in late 2022, is a truly remarkable ship. It already earned the distinction of being the world's largest aircraft carrier and, as of May 2026, is on track to earn another impressive distinction. The over 1,100-foot-long supercarrier is being fitted to serve as a floating nuclear power plant for an on-land naval installation. The test is slated to take place at Naval Station Norfolk, located in Norfolk, Virginia, sometime in summer 2026.
The carrier and its twin A1B nuclear reactors — which were developed specifically for the Gerald R. Ford — will power the entire base. While the United States military has kept many specifics of the A1B under wraps, estimates suggest that a single A1B produces about 700 MWt; two of them, then, would generate 1,400 MWt. This is approximately 25% more power than the A4W reactors that powered Nimitz-class vessels. Of course, it's not just a matter of plugging it into the grid, and the U.S. Navy will conduct extensive research and testing to safely and effectively move power from the ship to land.
While this is a fascinating feat on paper, what exactly is the point of running a naval base off of a supercarrier's nuclear reactors? According to those involved with the effort, this project is all about preparedness.
Naturally, there is a point behind a test of this magnitude. The idea behind running a naval base off the USS Gerald R. Ford's nuclear reactors is to enhance the U.S. military's disaster response capabilities. Should a natural disaster or an enemy attack take out a region's power grid, these carriers could act as floating generators until the affected areas get back on their feet. As more Ford-class carriers — like the USS John F. Kennedy, set for arrival in 2027 – come online, the Navy could have a fleet of floating power stations ready to respond to multiple worst-case scenarios across the country.
The Navy is confident that this capability can help in military and civilian capacities alike. During a May 2026 House Armed Services Committee hearing, Acting Secretary of the Navy Hung Cao suggested that these vessels could also help provide electricity to repair military bases and supply fresh water to drought-stricken areas (via Nuclear Newswire). Of course, whether the USS Gerald R. Ford can actually do any of this depends on the results of this test.
The USS Gerald R. Ford might not be the most decorated U.S. Navy aircraft carrier in history, but there's no denying its place in the history books. In addition to being notably enormous, it could very well be the saving grace for disaster-stricken areas in need of electricity.
https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/perplexity-ai-cnn-copyright-suit/
The AI search company Perplexity is being sued by CNN and other media companies for copyright infringement.
AI products regularly scrape news publications and websites to answer user questions with real-time data, accelerating the collapse in traffic and revenue to original sources.
In response to the lawsuit, Jesse Dwyer, Perplexity's chief communications officer, told Stetler and other media outlets in a statement: "You can't copyright facts." The US government's Copyright Office states: "Copyright does not protect facts, ideas, systems, or methods of operation, although it may protect the way these things are expressed."
CNN said in its own statement that a company valued at tens of billions of dollars shouldn't "steal from entities that create the original content Perplexity exploits" and that "commercial operators can and must pay to make use of it."
A Perplexity representative didn't immediately respond to a request for comment.
Perplexity is one of several companies, including OpenAI and Anthropic, that have been battling news publishers and media giants over copyright claims.
(Disclosure: Ziff Davis, CNET's parent company, in 2025 filed a lawsuit against OpenAI, alleging it infringed Ziff Davis copyrights in training and operating its AI systems.)
More than 100 such lawsuits have been filed. But different conclusions have been reached as to whether training AI models on copyrighted data counts as fair use, said Michael Goodyear, an associate professor at New York Law School. Considerations include how the training occurs, what AI outputs contain and whether there's any competitive harm to copyright holders.
"No appellate courts have yet weighed in on the viability of these copyright infringement claims against AI companies," Goodyear said.
In the CNN case, he said that Perplexity is correct that facts aren't protected by copyright, but the way CNN presents facts could be.
"Even short news articles would typically qualify for copyright protection under the low bar of required originality," Goodyear said. "The question becomes whether the thousands of cases of infringement CNN describes are copying whole paragraphs verbatim, or whether they are paraphrasing or merely copying unprotectable facts."
As plunging website traffic has drained billions in publisher revenue and triggered widespread media layoffs, AI firms are aggravating the crisis. According to a new report from the think tank Open Markets Institute, over the past six months, the rate of AI crawlers bypassing paywalls and blocks has nearly quadrupled, spiking from 3.3% to 12.9%.
That's partly why a number of publishers signed AI content licensing deals with tech companies to monetize content used to train AI systems. One way out for Perplexity may be to renegotiate a licensing deal with CNN. Even if Perplexity has valid legal arguments, a licensing agreement could shift from unauthorized scraping toward a formalized content partnership.
However, the Open Markets Institute report says that when it comes to AI content licensing, news and content creators are trapped in a double bind. The same tech giants whose AI tools are starving websites of human traffic are now the ones gatekeeping the licensing deals meant to replace that lost ad revenue.
SpaceX and the Pentagon have been bickering about the price of using Starshield satellite service during the Iran war, according to a Reuters report published today. It appears that SpaceX asked the military for more money after it started using satellite terminals on "kamikaze" attack drones in Iran.
SpaceX CEO Elon Musk claimed the Reuters report is wrong. But Musk also said the military drones initially used the commercial Starlink service instead of the government-specific network, in violation of Starlink's terms of service. Musk blamed the violation on the contractor that built the drones for the government.
The Reuters report, based on Pentagon documents and interviews with sources familiar with the pricing talks, said that SpaceX recently asked the military to pay $25,000 for Starshield access on each kamikaze drone. The Pentagon, which previously paid $5,000 for each connection, objected to the price hike but ultimately agreed to pay it, according to Reuters.
While the $25,000 charge is a monthly fee for the satellite connection provided to a satellite terminal, the terminals are being used with drones that only make one-way trips before hitting targets and detonating on impact.
Starshield is a network for government entities and is based on Starlink technology. Musk wrote in an X post today that the "Reuters article is false." But in the very same post, he seemed to confirm a dispute over how the military used SpaceX satellite technology.
"They made improper use of the Starlink civilian system for military purposes. Direct violation of terms of service," Musk wrote today, seeming to indicate that the military used the commercial Starlink system when it should have been using Starshield.
Musk said later that the drones were configured incorrectly by a military contractor. "There is a US government arm of SpaceX called Starshield, which has a different set of satellites than Starlink, which is for civilian use. The company that makes the suicide drones incorrectly used the civilian system, instead of the Starshield," Musk wrote.
The Pentagon "denied any violation of its agreement with SpaceX," according to Reuters. Starshield terminals sold by SpaceX to the military can connect both to the commercial Starlink satellite constellation and Starshield, the Reuters article said.
The drones in question are part of the Low-cost Uncrewed Combat Attack System (LUCAS), which was made by defense contractor Spektreworks. We contacted Spektreworks today and will update this article if it responds.
Musk previously addressed the military use of SpaceX satellite terminals on drones on March 1, one day after the Iran war began, in response to an X post in which a user posted a picture of one of the drones that appeared to have an integrated satellite terminal.
"It is a violation of commercial Starlink terms of service to use the terminal for weapon systems. This applies to all users and is shut down when discovered," Musk wrote at the time. "There is a separate network called Starshield, which is operated by the US government. This is not under SpaceX control."
Within weeks of the US launching strikes in Iran, "SpaceX executives met Pentagon officials and argued the military was underpaying for the service," the Reuters article said.
"SpaceX argued the LUCAS drones were operating under conditions that aligned more closely with its aviation tier subscription rather than a lower priced land or mobility service. Pentagon officials argued that the $25,000 price tag—a monthly fee—was designed for aircraft, not kamikaze drones that used [a] Starlink connection for a matter of minutes or hours, according to one of the sources," Reuters reported.
The Pentagon "ultimately agreed to pay SpaceX's proposed price increase" from $5,000 to $25,000, according to Reuters. LUCAS drones give the military a cheaper alternative to traditional missiles and grew out of an effort to reverse-engineer Iranian-built drones. Each drone reportedly costs about $35,000.
Despite agreeing to the price increase, "senior officials including Deputy Secretary of Defense Steve Feinberg remained uneasy about the arrangement," and Pentagon officials in April "met to revisit the pricing with Terrence O'Shaughnessy, a retired four-star Air Force general who now leads SpaceX's defense business," according to Reuters.
"Still, the Pentagon is currently considering an additional purchase of more than 3,500 Starshield terminal subscriptions, including 100 with the higher-priced aviation tier, according to Pentagon documents reviewed by Reuters," the article said. "The deal could generate hundreds of millions of dollars in annual revenue for SpaceX, though Reuters could not determine whether an agreement has been finalized, or what price is being discussed."
There has also reportedly been a dispute over the price of providing Starlink mobile service to Iranian citizens who have suffered under a government-imposed Internet blackout. In January, the US reportedly smuggled 6,000 Starlink broadband terminals into Iran to help residents bypass blocks to Internet access.
Reuters reported that Pentagon officials asked SpaceX about providing Iranians with direct-to-cell service, which can keep people connected on standard cell phones without needing a terminal.
"SpaceX, which generated $11.4 billion in revenue from Starlink in 2025, proposed charging as much as $500 million to launch the capability, along with a $100 million monthly fee to operate it, according to one of the people and Pentagon documents—prompting alarm from defense officials over the price. Reuters could not determine whether an agreement has been reached," the Reuters article said.
The US and SpaceX previously had a dispute over payment for satellite terminals sent to Ukraine beginning in 2022. SpaceX initially donated terminals before asking the Pentagon to pay for ongoing service and more terminals. The Defense Department later confirmed that it was paying for Starlink service in Ukraine.
SpaceX's IPO filing last week said that revenue for its government connectivity business dropped in the most recent quarter. SpaceX's overall connectivity revenue in Q3 2026 was $3.3 billion, a year-over-year increase of $782 million. The increase was driven by boosts in revenue from consumers, large businesses, mobile partnerships with wireless carriers, and Starlink's aviation and maritime offerings. The overall revenue increase would have been higher if not for "a decrease of $175 million in our government connectivity business," SpaceX said.
While SpaceX isn't the only operator of low-Earth orbit satellites, Reuters notes that "no other company provides a comparable alternative to Starlink, which has become an increasingly critical tool in modern warfare since Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022."
The Department of Defense declined to comment on its negotiations with SpaceX today, but told Ars that it "is operating in accordance with the terms and conditions of its contracts." The department also provided Ars with a statement indicating that the military is looking for alternatives to SpaceX.
"The Department of War is committed to fostering a competitive environment for commercial satellite communications and is conducting comprehensive market research to continuously monitor commercial offerings that align with government requirements," the Pentagon statement said. "We are actively engaging with industry to identify innovative solutions and new entrants, ensuring acquisitions are inclusive of a diverse range of capable vendors."
The statement added that the Space Force's "Commercial Satellite Communications Office is working on additional options with other proliferated low earth orbit partners as part of its strategy to leverage the unprecedented capabilities provided by the commercial SATCOM industry."
We contacted SpaceX and will update this article if it responds.
Pentagon spokesperson Sean Parnell responded to the Reuters article in an X post today. "The Fake News media has the story wrong, again. SpaceX remains a strong and valued partner to the Department of War. The claims in this article are simply not based in reality and do not reflect the close, effective collaboration between our teams."
Musk shared Parnell's post, calling it a "correction issued by [the] Department of War."
USC researchers built the "Musician Hand," a four-fingered tendon-driven robot that learns to play piano by ear after just two minutes of random "motor babbling" on the keys. Hearing a ~30-note melody once, it converts the audio to a spectrogram, maps sounds to the motor commands needed to reproduce them, and plays the tune back in one attempt — well enough that blind judges sometimes couldn't tell it from trained human pianists.
The work, led by Hesam Azadjou under Francisco Valero-Cuevas at USC Viterbi (published in Royal Society Interface), challenges the traditional robotics assumption that good performance requires massive data, heavy computation, and tightly controlled environments. Instead, it mimics how animals learn: perceive, guess, adapt — using minimal energy and experience.
The researchers see the same "perceptual robotics" approach enabling cheaper, faster-deployed machines that work in unpredictable real-world settings — e.g., exoskeletons that learn an individual's gait early in Parkinson's and later help restore it, or home physical-therapy robots that adapt to each patient in real time.
Security researchers at Graz University of Technology in Austria have published a paper describing a side-channel attack that lets a malicious website identify what other sites and apps a visitor has open by measuring SSD access latency through JavaScript inside a standard browser sandbox. The technique, called FROST (Fingerprinting Remotely using OPFS-based SSD Timing), correctly identified visited websites with roughly 89% accuracy and running applications with roughly 96% accuracy on a test Mac, requires nothing from the victim beyond visiting the attacker's page, and works across different browsers.
FROST exploits the Origin Private File System (OPFS), a browser API that lets websites create and store files on a user's local disk without prompting for permission. Previous SSD side-channel attacks that we’ve seen require native code running through privileged kernel interfaces, but FROST eliminates that requirement.
The team disclosed their findings to Google, Apple, and Mozilla: Google said it doesn't consider fingerprinting a security vulnerability, Apple called the attack "currently out of scope," and Mozilla acknowledged the findings without implementing fixes.
The attack creates a large OPFS file on the victim's SSD, with both Chrome and Safari allowing a website to claim up to 60% of total disk space through OPFS, which on a 256GB drive is over 150GB. The file must exceed the system's available RAM so that every random 4 KB read hits the SSD rather than the OS’s page cache. When other activity generates its own disk I/O, it creates measurable latency spikes in the attacker's reads, and those timing patterns are fed into a convolutional neural network trained to recognize specific websites and applications by their I/O signatures.
Because the contention occurs at the storage level, the attack works across browsers; running the attacker page in Chrome while the victim browsed in Safari showed only a 3.38% throughput difference versus a same-browser attack.
The full fingerprinting attack was only tested on an M2 Mac Mini with 8GB of RAM and a 256GB SSD. On Linux, the researchers confirmed they could measure SSD latency from the browser, but didn’t run the full fingerprinting classification, and Windows wasn’t tested at all. The OPFS file must also reside on the same physical SSD as the monitored activity, which isn’t guaranteed on multi-drive workstations.
By far the biggest barrier to this attack is the large file size; most people will notice tens or hundreds of gigabytes suddenly disappearing, but the researchers propose mitigations, including capping OPFS file sizes to fit within system memory or requiring explicit permission for OPFS file creation. Given that Google doesn’t classify fingerprinting as a security issue, browser-level fixes are unlikely in the near term.
Now that doesn't mean Linux stable kernel maintainer Greg Kroah-Hartman thinks Rust is magic:
At the Rust Week conference, the world's biggest Rust language conference, in Utrecht, Netherlands, Linux stable kernel maintainer Greg Kroah-Hartman opened by saying: "I'm here to talk about untrusted data and Linux, and how Rust is going to save us." After "a long month or two on the kernel security list," he pushed that point even further: "I'm going to make even a bolder statement and say, 'You are going to save Linux.' Sorry, it's all on you."
What he was talking about was the sudden flood of serious Linux security holes being discovered, such as Dirty Frag, Copy Fail, and Fragnesia, that have come to light thanks to the latest AI bug-detection programs.
As a result, Kroah-Hartman, who has "seen every single kernel security bug ever" since 2005, said the kernel team is now issuing "13 CVEs [Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures] a day, or something, something crazy." He thinks Rust is one of the few realistic ways to slash the class of bugs that come from C's traditional error-handling and resource-management pitfalls.
Kroah-Hartman illustrated those pitfalls with real C bugs in the kernel, including a 15-year-old Bluetooth bug that dereferenced a pointer without checking it and a Xen bug where "we forgot to unlock" in an error path. "The majority of the bugs in the kernel are this tiny, minor stuff," he explained. "Error conditions aren't checked, locks aren't forgotten, unreleased memories leak, and vulnerabilities add up over time. They crash the kernel. This is what we live with in C. This is why we don't like it."
Kroah-Hartman argued that the "best beauty of Rust" is catching those mistakes at build time rather than in review. For example, when it comes to locking, he highlighted Rust's locking abstractions in the kernel: "The only way you can get access to inner pointers of structures is by grabbing that lock, and releasing the lock automatically. The compiler does it, it's guarded, the lock happens, everything's happy. You just can't write code to access these values...without grabbing the lock. The compiler will not let you."
Those properties, he argued, directly remove a huge fraction of the bugs he sees: "This is going to save us those two things. First, 60% of the bugs in the kernel right there, they're gone. Thank you." The payoff is earlier, more automated enforcement: "If this happens at build time, not review time, don't make me a maintainer who has to read your code [and] say, 'Oh, then you properly check that error value. Oh, did you properly grab the locks in the right spot?' Rust gives us that for free. This is the best thing ever."
Even if Rust vanished tomorrow, Kroah-Hartman argued, it has already forced the kernel to clean up C code and interfaces. He credited Rust's influence outright: "We stole this from Rust. Thank you. It's a good idea, so if Rust disappeared tomorrow, we have cleaned up the C code in the kernel so much and taken in the ideas. We thank you, you've made Linux better with it just by existing."
[...] Now, that doesn't mean he thinks Rust is magic. It's not. He cited one of the first Rust components merged into the kernel: QR code display logic used when the kernel crashes. "That logic was written in Rust. Famously, it had a memory bug. It was given a buffer and its size, and the rest of the st code never checked the buffer size... Could scribble all over memory, because Rust can crash just as bad as C." So, Rust "is not a silver bullet."
He's also not encouraging anyone to rewrite the Linux kernel in Rust. One attendee asked, "Do you actually encourage rewriting stuff that's already there in the kernel with [Rust]?" Greg replied: "No, we don't want rewrites, so unless you're the maintainer and owner of that file, just do it for new stuff. Leave existing C code alone, and let's evolve forward after that." He gave Binder, Android's core interprocess communication (IPC), as an example where both C and Rust implementations coexist temporarily to reach parity, after which "they're going to delete the C code, because I trust them, and they are the owners and maintainers of both those."
[...] What ultimately sold a number of core maintainers, including him, on Rust was how it "makes reviewing code easier." With CI [Continuous Integration] bots enforcing builds and Rust's type system enforcing key invariants, maintainers can "focus on the logic" rather than resource bookkeeping: "I can care about that one function. I don't have to worry about the rest of this stuff, because I assume that it works properly, because it was built properly."
Internally, he said, the top maintainers have already made their call on Rust's status: "The Linux kernel maintainers, we get together every year and talk about what the processes are doing. Last year, we said the Rust experiment is over. It's not an experiment. This is for real." The rationale: "The people behind it are real. We trust them. We know what they're doing. They've shown and put in the work to make Rust a viable language in the kernel, and we're going to make this stick. Let's go full speed ahead. And, as always," he said wryly, "world domination proceeds."
The feds are raising the alarm about a new category of threat:
In the wake of attacks on CEOs, a nationwide protest movement targeting data centers, and increasing concerns about AI job replacement, federal intelligence agencies and domestic law enforcement are circulating reports with a new domestic target in mind: anti-technology extremists.
More than 1,000 pages of unpublished reports from the Department of Homeland Security, FBI, and fusion centers obtained by WIRED show a national shift taking place to surveil this new and worryingly broad category of people and activities deemed an emerging threat.
This new effort follows President Donald Trump's National Security Presidential Memo 7, which instructs the Department of Justice to target anyone holding "anti-American," "anti-Christian," and "anti-capitalism" beliefs. Earlier this month, Trump's counterterrorism czar, Sebastian Gorka, released a public counterterrorism strategy claiming that left-wing extremists are one of the three top counterterrorism priorities facing the United States.
Taken together, these Trump administration directives have commandeered the domestic surveillance apparatus to surveil and criminalize speech and assembly that challenges the ideology of the White House. A new focus on anti-technology extremism adds an unreported category to already public designations under a presidency that has heavily invested political and material capital in AI and data center proliferation.
Among the documents in the tranche obtained by WIRED is a New York Intelligence and Counterterrorism Bureau report that warns of widespread upheaval in response to AI adoption. Of particular note is a novel term for what the bureau purports to be an emerging extremism threat.
"The chaotic atmosphere that may result from emergent AI technology in the next five years may fuel large-scale protests that devolve into civil unrest and anti-tech violent extremist activity, especially in large urban areas such as New York City," the report reads. The term "anti-tech violent extremism" does not appear in any publicly available DHS or FBI domestic extremism reports or guides and represents a novel grouping of a wide range of ideologies under a single extremist category.
[...] Created in the wake of 9/11, 80 fusion centers now pockmark the country and serve as go-betweens for federal intelligence agencies and state and local law enforcement. In addition to concerns about portions of the American populace disturbed by the rapid proliferation of AI, these centers are also gathering and circulating "intelligence" about alleged threats to data centers.
A Western Pennsylvania fusion center, for example, claimed that "adversarial actors, including state-sponsored entities, criminal groups, and extremists, such as homegrown violent extremists or environmental extremists, may target US data centers" and that "these actors could also exploit the strategic importance of data centers to the US economy, using them for activities like cryptocurrency mining or leveraging third-party entities, such as front companies, to gain access to US data and infrastructure."